Acquisition and visualization of 5D respiratory-resolved cardiac MRI

Background In conventional cardiac MRI, respiratory effects are suspended or counteracted to avoid artifacts. However, in many disease states, such as pericardial tamponade/constriction and diastolic dysfunction, it is precisely variations in cardiac morphology/function with respect to respiratory changes that reflect the pathophysiology and should be studied. In this work, we image the heart during free breathing and explicitly resolve a 3D volume over both cardiac and respiratory cycles. We explore a range of options for visualizing the information captured in this 5D state of the heart.